Wednesday, October 7, 2015

Doctor Who You Calling Sexist: Donna Noble



Donna Noble

 

Why people love her

She stands up to the Doctor
No romantic interest in the Doctor
Compassion, empathy, female solidarity (lady/lady relationships)
She was a change of pace (much funnier, faster, different feeling, older, matier)

Why people hate her

She stands up to the Doctor
“nag” and a “hag”
Old, fat, ugly
Loud, obnoxious, annoying voice, grating

What I think about her

She stands up to the Doctor: this is something that I personally love about Donna, especially because I think it is something the Doctor desperately needed. My favorite instances of this were when the Doctor or others valued him as a Time Lord over her and she was never afraid to step in and say “I’m a human and I have just as much say as he does because I’m here and I’m willing to do what needs to be done.” Yeah Donna! We are not second class citizens because of the bodies we were born into! I think this really came through in the End of Time episodes, as the Doctor chooses the humans over the Time Lords, and makes the ultimate sacrifice to save Wilf even though he felt he had so much more to offer. I mean, the Doctor was a real mess. Who knows what he would have become without Donna there to check his intense emotions and curb his darker tendencies. Actually we do know: according to Turn Left, he would have let himself die in The Runaway Bride. And failing that, I bet he would have gone all “Time Lord Victorious” earlier, with no one to check him and none of the past experiences he needed to battle his newfound power.

On the one hand, I get how the disagreements can be seen as negative. For one, as a society we are moving toward favoring cooperation over altercation. This is especially difficult for someone like Donna, since women are expected to be more considerate and therefore more cooperative; therefore she gets judged more harshly for arguing because she is going against societal gender roles. Furthermore, as in most arguments, someone has to be wrong. And sometimes that someone is Donna. I don’t think anyone would argue that Donna isn’t flawed, and her outspoken contrariness is definitely part of those flaws. But at the same time, that’s how she shows her passion, courage, and sense of right, which I think is what the Doctor loves about Donna. I wonder if there is similar audience logic at play here as what turned us against Martha. “Donna is yelling at the Doctor, the Doctor is always right, therefore Donna is wrong” instead of “Donna is yelling at the Doctor, Donna has a good point, therefore the Doctor is wrong.” For some reason we are always taking sides; even though the Doctor wasn’t hurt by Donna’s yelling at him, audience members feel the need to defend him against her. Even though, in fact, I think her yelling was helping him. Really I think he was much happier with Donna, disagreements included, than he was with Martha, who was always trying to please him.

Seeing this theme, I have to wonder if there’s sexism at play. Why do some many of us take the Doctor’s side and trust his judgment even though he has shown us so often how wrong he can be? Do we have some sort of bias towards trusting men over women? A bias to value logical judgments over emotional and circumstantial assessments?

So what do people say about Donna’s standing up to the Doctor? It’s not that she’s brave or intelligent, quick-witted or determined. It’s that she’s “bossy.” This word has gotten a lot of flak recently for its pejorative connotations and bias against girls (and I think rightfully so). In my opinion, I’d say the Doctor is bossier than Donna because he’s the one who more consistently acts like the boss. He’s always giving out orders and expecting to be followed because he’s the cleverest. He outright tells people that he’s in charge and he delegates jobs to everyone, including Donna.

Donna much more rarely assumes that she is the boss of people she has just met. She is more likely to take the empathetic route. In fact, when she goes off it’s usually not telling people to do things, but rather voicing what she will not let others do to her and with her help. (i.e. “You can’t just leave them.” “You’re not mating with me, sunshine.”) She demands the respect she feels any human deserves, as opposed to demanding respect because she thinks she is better than the people she is speaking to (as the Doctor sometimes does). So why do we hate her but love the Doctor? Do we think that he has more claim to the boss title? Is Donna “bossy” precisely because she acts like a boss but cannot be one? Why can’t she be one? Because we don’t think she has any right to be the boss, to make decisions, to let people know what she thinks?

And what qualifies one to be the leader anyway? Sure the Doctor has more experience in space than Donna does, but he’s just as capable of making mistakes. It’s like Dumbledore says, as he’s “rather cleverer than most men, [his] mistakes tend to be correspondingly huger.” The Doctor only rarely asks for input, so if you disagree with him you’ve got to be vocal about it. He’s also a tad arrogant, which means that it takes a lot of determined convincing to change his mind. In some ways, he’s really not a very good leader. I think this is something that the Doctor has slowly started realizing. That maybe sometimes he can’t be the leader, but he can be the advisor instead.  That he should be more empowering and less overpowering.

Is Donna a good leader, or is she just a “nag”? Obviously Donna does tend to harp on a bit, but I don’t think she is a stereotypical “nag” character. First of all, we are allowed to like her, which is unusual. Second of all, she gets some development so that we understand why she nags instead of just laughing at her or hating her for it. I think one of Donna’s strengths is that she does use her leadership to empower, instead of using it to belittle like her mother does. For such a “bossy” person, she was really unendingly compassionate. She was never cruel, she just had a harsh way of trying to make the world a better place. As the Doctor said, she was always “yelling at the world” only because she felt it was the only way to be heard.

Donna had a lot of flaws, but of all the companions I personally think that hers were the most well-written. They were explored and explained and had background. We see a lot of her interaction with her mother, who has obviously shaped her in a major way. Same with her Grandpa. She also grows and learns a lot, which is why it’s so sad when that growth is taken away from her. The writers also explain some of her flaws, writing in background that makes sense with those flaws. For example, I think Donna does like ordering people around; this is because it gives her the power, or at least a sense of control over her life. And in her everyday life she didn’t often get to feel that. She was a temp, the ultimate in being told what to do; her mother was obsessed with controlling her life; her dad was taken from her pretty recently; and I think she probably felt like she didn’t have a voice because she didn’t think she was able enough to work in politics or any other profession that has a say in how things turn out. In fact when we met her, she didn’t even think she had any control in her friend group—she was convinced that somehow Neris had hired the Doctor to ruin her wedding day. And then it turns out that she had been manipulated by her fiancĂ© for months and was being used as an instrument in the Racnoss Emperess’s plans. So yeah, I’d want to try for some control too.

Now on to some other complaints: She was a bit loud. I guess that’s just up to the person whether that annoys them or not. I found Catherine Tate’s acting choices to be funny and poignant, and not annoying. But I concede that it was loud. What’s interesting about this though is that people basically universally loved it when David Tennant got loud to match her. So again, why is there an imbalance there?

Some people apparently disliked Catherine Tate’s accent (I ain’t bovvered, though). It is a bit affected, but I personally think it worked really well. I think it came off as affected because of all the yelling, as that required her to pronounce her words in a specific way to make sure she was heard and understood. Her voice was really realistic in quieter and more serious scenes. I think the affected accent is something she does for comedic effect, and lots of people eat that up so I don’t fault her for it.

She’s a hag: I’ve heard people say things like “she’s so (insert negative qualities here), and she’s not even cute!” As though her attractiveness could make up for her negative qualities, or that unattractiveness is itself a negative quality. Unfortunately, I think this is something generally perpetuated by Doctor Who, as it does tend to cast very attractive young ladies as companions. In my opinion this is particularly sad, as I think Catherine Tate was a much better actor than any of the other companions and yet people write her off based on her looks, her weight, and her age. Although I would just like to say, I think Catherine Tate is good-looking. She’s Hollywood Homely, as in everyone around her is way above average and she’s just a little above average, which makes her seem ugly in comparison. She’s probably average or even below average weight in America, but again, she’s not what people want to ogle. And she’s about 10 years older than every other companion, which can make a big difference in our youth = beauty culture.

Lastly, I think Donna had an additional obstacle: people didn’t like her when she was introduced. I think this was kind of essential for her character arc, so that we would be more invested when her memory and therefore growth was on the line. But honestly, the way she was introduced was weird. A lot of people hated her in The Runaway Bride because it was a bit of a jolt right after Rose, and that drove the audience to compare the two of them.  Then she disappeared for a year with no opportunity for improvement. Donna’s waspish personality was also not explained at all in that episode, so people were not looking forward to her return because they didn’t understand her. I think sometimes the writers of the show really overestimate the audience’s capacity for forgiveness, although it seems to me that the majority of viewers did eventually get over this.

Just an anecdotal thought about Donna hate: I have noticed a somewhat gendered division when it comes to opinions about Donna. The people who hate her are usually men or people who are devoted to the status quo. People who love her seem to be made up of mostly women or people who otherwise related to her “differentness.” I think she was sort of a symbol for women’s rights (and no that’s not because I think that all women should rule over men and order them around). It’s because Donna operates as a check to the Doctor’s assumed inherent authority, exposing him as only one half of a team that needed her. I think she was also a huge encouragement to women (and any one under cultural pressure dealing with non-acceptance) who felt like they were not special because of their age/weight/looks/lack of education and lack of privilege. So maybe people who identify with the Doctor didn’t want to have their authority questioned (and privilege checked) and were uncomfortable with the thought of getting bossed around. Those who identify with Donna are probably those who feel like they often get looked over, and were itching to see the tables turned with a hero that represented them and who wouldn’t back down. I think women probably also enjoyed seeing a female character who was talented and important who maybe reflected more what the average woman looks like rather than what the average man is attracted to. I will tell you, it is nice to be catered to in your entertainment, which is why some heteronormative men may have felt gypped that they were not being catered to in that way.

I think there are a lot of good things about Donna relating to this that were missing in some of the other companions. Because there was no romance, the writers had to find other ways to make her interesting and relatable. Sad to say, but I think the romance threads in the other companions have just been lazy writing, and filler in place of realistic personality traits, and just thrown in to cause a bit of superficial drama. I think Donna’s reception shows that a lot of viewers are ready to move above that.  She didn’t have to waste time with the tired jealousy trope (because no romance = no jealousy, which I don’t think is necessarily actually real, but it seems to be what the writers think—and the inverse as well, if there’s romance there must be jealousy. So. Tired.) We hunger for something different, something that doesn’t just represent one small subset of what a woman can be, but is holistic and realistic, something that explains what we see within ourselves as viewers. Donna was so different that we got to see and understand a different part of ourselves through her. And we loved it. Plus, Catherine Tate had at least 10 more years acting experience than any other companion, which is just pleasant to watch. And she’s a comedian, which meant that we got to actually see a companion making jokes instead of being the butt of them. Score for women everywhere, especially funny ones. I think Donna was also good for audience members who see the Doctor as more of a dad or brother figure than a lover, because they could finally relate to a companion. And Donna had really interesting, mature relationships with female day-players, which as I talked about in this blog post, we don’t see nearly enough of on TV shows like this. Plus, it was just a welcome change of pace. David Tennant was able to work off of Catherine Tate marvelously, and it made for faster and wittier interactions that were more interesting to watch. Instead of having clever lines written for them, the cleverness was in the delivery, which is much more fun. And the show knew that they were breaking the mold with Donna, which led to all sorts of fun jokes and character explorations. Because she’s different, Donna gets to sort of make fun of all the tropey things the show has done in the past (with all the “not a couple” jokes especially.)

I personally think that Donna was the best written companion. So I’m pretty pleased with her representation because this is what I want most: well-written female characters that I can relate to. And I think the writing for her was feminist in a lot of ways. I think it was quite feminist for them to cast and create a woman who did not fit the companion mold, because the companion mold is really pretty mainstream in the current patriarchal system. I still have sort of reservations about the writing, and one is the use of comedy. And I always have a problem with what writers paint as funny that I think should be taken more seriously, so I’m not sure if there’s really a solution. The “nag” is a trope that’s used in comedy that really puts down women and says that they shouldn’t be able to offer input, and when they do it’s stupid and funny. I think the writers did a good job trying to subvert that with Donna, but obviously not well enough if viewers still peg her as a nag and detest her for it. And they did often try to make it funny that she was so eager to share her opinions. So I don’t always know what to do with that. Studies show that women are much less confident than men are. If we want to change that, we have to stop putting them down for speaking up.

Friday, October 2, 2015

Doctor Who You Calling Sexist: Martha Jones



Martha Jones

 


This is a continuation of my series exploring sexism in Doctor Who. I want to know why some people hate on Martha Jones and whether it has anything to do with gender or sexism. 

Why people love her:

She’s capable, and a fantastic problem-solver
She’s intelligent, hard-working, and independent
She cares for her family

Why people hate her:

Her unrequited love
She’s jealous, whiny, useless, and has no personality (apparently)
Her high-pitched screamy reactions
Her clothes and hair

What I think about her:

Her unrequited love: When you talk about Martha, you have to talk about the unrequited love thing. I kind of hate that this has become the most important thing about Martha, but you really can’t have a discussion of this sort without bringing it up. Either you hate her for it, or you love her in spite of it. I suppose there are a few who actually like that element, but those are rare. And even those people feel the need to speak up in defense of it, since most everyone else hates it. It’s unfortunate that it overshadows everything else about Martha. It’s especially unfortunate because I think that Martha was actually a very good companion. I will readily admit that after watching Martha’s season the first time over, I wasn’t a fan. I don’t think I ever hated her, but I did think it was a waste of good Tennant-time. All I remembered was the unrequited love. After having just re-watched season three, however, I realized that I love Martha and I’m not ashamed to admit it.

I now realize that my reaction towards Martha was really tied in with the Doctor’s reaction. There’s some really weird audience logic here that I don’t think the writers planned for. When we were introduced to the dynamic between the two characters, we went through a logical evaluation of the change that went something like this: “The Doctor doesn’t care for Martha. The Doctor is right. Therefore I don’t care for Martha.” I think the writers were hoping for something more like this: “The Doctor doesn’t care for Martha. I do care for Martha. Therefore the Doctor is wrong.” At least I like to think that’s what they wanted because that is much more interesting to explore than adding a boring companion and keeping the Doctor exactly the same, which I feel is the alternative.

What makes this season so great is that the Doctor didn’t stay the same. He went through lots of little changes, mostly internal and not all for the better. The weird consequence of this was that he kind of ignored Martha sometimes. He became very reserved and self-absorbed; sometimes when he was talking, it was like Martha wasn’t even there. Which was boring to me at the time because his reactions to both Rose and Donna were much more animated and fun. Now that I know the Doctor a little better and have seen his complex character arc, I find this part of the show one of the most interesting. It’s a time of depression for the Doctor, where he is listless and unresponsive and really has to force himself into carrying on and interacting with the world. This is an important part of his development and is one of the long roads that leads him to where he is at the end of the Tennant era, circa Waters of Mars

So, it’s not Martha’s fault. It’s not that Martha is a bad person, or even a poorly written character. It’s just that her character’s story and relationship to the audience was sacrificed for the Doctor’s. It’s really unfair to Martha that she was sidelined in this way. Which to me makes it that much more beautiful that she is able to break away at the end of her season and leave that hurtful relationship. She wasn’t appreciated by the Doctor and she wasn’t appreciated by us. 

Similarly, her unrequited love was the biggest part of her character because it was the most important thing for the Doctor to go through. I think it was a big factor in adding to his ego and eventually in his realizing that he isn’t human and that there are consequences to his actions that he can’t just ignore the way he ignored Martha. I found a few great comments about Martha that I’d like to include here:

“. . . I felt that parts of Martha’s character were undermined in order to further the love triangle. For example, remember that moment when the Doctor tells Jack that Rose is still alive in another universe, and Martha gets all jealous about it? As far as the audience knows, this is the first time Martha finds out what actually happened to Rose. There’s no moment of comprehension, no moment of sympathy for the Doctor or for Jack, who has just found out that his friend isn’t dead after all. There isn’t even a moment of solidarity or loss, which would be natural considering Martha’s cousin Adeola died in the same battle. Instead, there’s just a moment of petty jealousy to reinforce the idea that Martha and Rose are competing for the Doctor’s affection. Yet it felt very out of character for Martha.”

I think that the writers also gave Martha this story-line because they thought this was an important thing to address for the audience. Since our only template at this point for human relationships with the Doctor was a romantic one, the writers needed to broaden the template, and they chose to do it slowly. The unrequited love arc was like a transition to a different type of relationship and a greater understanding of the Doctor. In this way, Martha became a sort of place-holder between Rose and Donna. Unfortunately, I think that many audience members see her only as a placeholder and don’t read into the meaty insight Martha’s story gives us. In case that’s you (as it was me), here are some thoughts from someone who did read into it:

“. . . people very fundamentally misunderstand why Martha starts the season "in love" with the Doctor. People think this has to do with an attempt to retread Rose's storyline, and stop there. That's not at all what Martha's storyline is. Rose's is a terrible tragedy. An average girl falls in love with someone who is very much not human, who falls in love with her, and she gives up her entire existence to be with him and then, due to the simple fact that he is the Doctor, she loses everything. Don't kid yourself about Rose getting what she wants with the metacrisis Doctor. He is mortal, he looks like 10, and he has his memories, but much of what Rose falls in love with is the fact that she can travel all of space and time with someone who isn't human. Metacrisis 10 is none of those things. Her story is one of fundamentally misunderstanding what the Doctor is, giving everything she has to give to be with him, and not getting any of it. Her father still dies. She loses her boyfriend. She barely gets her mom, and she's sealed in an alternate universe. Hers is a cautionary tale
Martha's story, on the other hand, is one of showing how experience with the Doctor can enrich your life. Martha is the only modern companion who has no "magical moment." She is not Bad Wolf, she is not Doctor Donna, she's not the impossible girl, she doesn't re-originate the universe with a thought. She is smart, capable, and successful before the Doctor ever gets to her, and, also unlike every other modern companion, she chooses to leave him, and in so choosing, gets everything she wants. She achieves success, she finds love, and she gets to help the Doctor (or at least further his mission of protecting the earth from outside threats) for the rest of her life.
Unfortunately, a lot of people get stuck on the "She loves Ten and she isn't Rose" and ignore the very powerful message of the rest of Martha's story. The Doctor is, and has always been, a madman with a box. He is not human. He loves humanity, but he does not understand what it means to be human. Martha sees this, and she decides to take what she has learned from him to be a better person. Every other modern companion doesn't understand this and tries to choose to travel the universe with him forever. And every other companion, so far, loses everything they have. They might find other happiness and other lives, but they never get what they really want, which, very fundamentally, is to be with the Doctor forever.
Martha is a great companion and, you're right, she gets a lot of hate because her story lacks the romanticism and tragedy of other stories. More's the pity.”
See more at https://www.reddit.com/r/doctorwho/comments/1t21d2/just_finished_season_3_why_do_people_hate_martha/

So, moving on to her personality (or lack thereof): I happen to think that Martha does have personality. But even if I didn’t, I would understand why. It makes sense that she would be the least developed because she only got one season, compared to other companions who got multiple seasons. Looking at it that way, I think it’s actually kind of surprising that Martha has as much personality as she does. Here are some more thoughts that aren’t mine:

“Another interesting thing about 42 is the fact that it is the only televised story where Martha is a full time solo companion. Before you ask what sort of drugs I have been taking, look at it logically. Up until this point she was only a guest on the TARDIS. In the immediate next episode the Doctor has made himself human so the Doctor-companion dynamic is compromised due to the absence of the Doctor. Then in the following episode both her and the Doctor are taken out of the bulk of the narrative in the hugely successful Blink. The series then concludes with a three-part story and the re-addition of Jack to the team. My point is that Martha’s time in the TARDIS was short lived anyway given she only had one series, but it was shorter than most would think. In retrospect she was probably the companion who spent the least time with the Doctor, particularly as the narrative always seemed to separate the two, (as per Gridlock, Evolution of the Daleks, 42, and Human Nature/The Family of Blood.) Perhaps it would not be too much of a stretch to suggest that the reason for this was that Martha was his intellectual and emotional equal and didn’t need as much attention as his previous companion.”

While this is an interesting observation, I would like to point out that according to the infographic I talked about in this post, Martha does have a higher average speaking time per episode than Rose. However it is true that a lot of her time is spent without the Doctor. On the one hand, I like this because it gives her the opportunity to show how capable, independent, and intelligent she is. If I had to give Martha one label, it would be problem-solver. I noticed how often she comes up with solutions on her own in this season, and it’s almost every episode. I don’t agree with people who say Martha was useless, because she just wasn’t. I think she saved the Doctor more times than Rose did, and she also supported him financially and was able to do lots of things without being told exactly what to do. The episode most cited by naysayers is Human Nature, where the Doctor has lost his memories and Martha complains that she doesn’t know what to do. First of all, this is a two-part episode, and Martha takes charge and succeeds in bringing the Doctor back in the second part. So I think her uncertainty was more for dramatic effect than anything. Second of all, I think that every companion has a moment (actually multiple) like this. For Rose it’s the Christmas episode, and for Donna it happens in The Poison Sky, where she’s trapped onboard a Sontaran ship without him. So it’s not a flaw in Martha’s character, but rather something that the writers just like to write about a lot.

Even though I think of Martha as a capable and skilled person, she does have some problematic lines that undermine her autonomy and ability. For instance, she says, “you got me this job” talking about her job with UNIT. I don’t know why the writers chose to include lines like this. I think that this is at odds with her actions, which show her to be very capable. While it may be true that UNIT valued her (at least at first) principally for her time with the Doctor, it is not true that the Doctor got her the job. She herself developed and presented the skills and attributes that got her the job, of which her relationship with the Doctor was one (and really, she was the one who put in effort to develop the relationship with him and not the other way around). I personally think that the writers should have paid more attention to the consequences of those types of lines and either not put them in, or explored them more. It would be fine if Martha had some sort of complex about being skilled and qualified, but she didn’t. So don’t make us have one either. Maybe this had an impact on viewers’ perceptions of her effectiveness and added to the Martha-hate.

I’ve talked a bit about her jealousy above, so I’ll just talk about it briefly here. I think the love-triangle thing was dealt with really sloppily by the writers. Either they weren’t concerned with the fact that it would make her look bad in front of the audience, or they thought that she would be redeemed in the audience’s eyes at the end of her season with her dramatic change. Either way, I think it could have been done better. As for her “whining,” I reject this objection. I think her (small amount of) whining was justified. We have all gone through unrequited love and I bet you none of us was as graceful as she was. Furthermore, the Doctor really did not treat her very well. He didn’t want her and he wasn’t afraid to show it. It’s not even just that he wasn’t interested in her romantically, he actually sometimes acted like he didn’t want her in any capacity—he wanted to be alone. And to top it off, then he turned around and complained about her to Donna—talk about whining!

Her voice: I haven’t heard this criticism much, but I mention it here because it’s something I’m very sensitive to. I’ve been made fun of for my voice a lot. Specifically that it’s high-pitched and gets louder and more high-pitched the more emotional I am. I have very little control over this, and believe me I try not to do it. Maybe it really is annoying. Like objectively annoying and not culturally annoying. I don’t know. But anyway, enough about me, because Martha does it too. Sometimes when something crazy happens her reaction is loud and high-pitched. Sometimes I think it makes it funny, but sometimes apparently it’s the most annoying thing in the world. This part of Martha’s personality probably isn’t written in the script. It’s probably not chosen by the director either; my intuition is that it’s an actor thing. And I don’t think it’s wrong for Freema to have chosen to portray her that way. Maybe it wasn’t even a conscious choice and we are actually seeing the way that Freema reacts to things in real life, which is fine because a lot of female people do react that way. Actually, I’m pretty convinced that male people also do this with their voices. I think it’s just a natural thing that voices do. The issue I have with this is that for some reason, it’s not okay when Martha does it. And this goes for a lot of people, almost exclusively women, including myself. I’m just tired of people saying it’s not okay that our voices do what they naturally do because they reside in a higher register. This is not a good reason to hate a person.

Her hair and clothes: This one I saw a little more often. Mostly I think it’s actually more of a consequence of Martha-hate than it is a reason to hate her even though that’s how people use it. Again, I personally don’t think it’s a good reason to hate someone and I don’t really know how to discuss this. Though there is one thing I want to address: I saw some people saying that they hated Martha because she dressed like a slut. I hope these people are just internet trolls. First of all, she didn’t. She was fully clothed at all times, which is more than you can say about the Doctor. Second of all, she should be free to express her sexuality and her sense of fashion however she wants. There are better ways to critique a character than trying to slut-shame her to diminish her credibility and value.

Conclusion

I really like Martha, and it makes me sad to think she is under-appreciated. I wish that the writers had given her arc and development more attention instead of prioritizing the Doctor over her. I think the writing could have been better, and in this particular way it was decidedly not feminist. I do concede that the Doctor is the main character and as such may be "more important." One, there's an easy way to make this feminist: let the Doctor be a woman. And two, we see plenty of shows where secondary characters are given fair character development, so why not in this one? I just think that Martha gets a bad rap, from both the writers and especially the audience. I think it's particularly interesting that she gets much more criticism than the Doctor did in that season.
Anyway, I don’t claim to know everything (or really anything) about why people love/hate Martha. This is just my thoughts after re-watching her season a second time. And I know this has been kind of a defense of Martha, because I do like her a lot. So feel free to tell me in the comments what you think!

And in case you’re interested, here is a link to my discussions of the other companions.